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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1. 1 Background of the Study
Communication works because the speaker and the hearer know and
understand what they are talking about. Communication is impossible without
shared knowledge and assumption between speakers and hearers (Stubbs, 1983:1).
The hearer or the reader must get the messages the same way as the speaker or the
writer had in his or her mind. When the speaker or the writer implies or does not
express his or her message literally, that implication is called an implicature. In
analyzing the implicature, the researcher used the theory of implicature by Grice.
Grice notice when people communicate in daily conversations, they often make
their literal expression implied.
Moreover, Grice (2002: 76) states that implicature is used to account for
what a sender can imply, suggest, or mean, as distinction from what the most
usually deliver. It does not only just to take literal meaning of the utterance or
sentences, but also to show what is inside and hidden, or in other word, implied in
the sentences or utterances. Implicature is a part of discourse analysis that is very
interesting to be investigated. It is a little part of discourse analysis where
language (spoken or written) and context are in separable, spoken language such
as conversation between teacher and the student and written language such as an
article, novel or short story. Clearly, when a writer uses implicature in their
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writing or a speaker uses implicature in their speaking, they do not need another
people have to understand all of words of what they said, because there are some
information they hints.
Grice divided implicature into conventional implicature and non
conventional (conversational) implicature. Yule (1996: 45) says that conventional
implicatures do not rely very much on the cooperative principles or the maxims
applications. Something is clearly understood because the rules have been
generally accepted (something arbitrary) and more logically. The other idea,
Conventional implicature is independent of the cooperative principle and its
maxims. Conversational implicature is any meaning implied by or understood
from the utterance or sentence, which goes beyond what is strictly said or entailed.
The meaning depend on how the reader or hearer interprets a certain utterance or
sentence.
For example, in the sentence ―The dog is in the kitchen or under the
bad‖. This utterance include in conversational implicature because this utterance
have implied meaning that contrast with non-truth condition. If the speaker said
that, he or she doesn‘t know for fact that the dog is in the kitchen or under the bad.
The dog could be in the other places, so this utterance has to analyze deep more
with so many possibilities. Conversational implicature was used when the
utterance needed to be stated by lexical item or when the utterance depended on a
specific context.
Furthermore, some previous studies done by some researchers that
conducted the researches in this area will be also discussed below as the additional
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references. Some students have done the research on discourse analysis, especially
for impliacture from different perspective as the followings. Shaifulloh (2002) in
his thesis analyzed the implicatures of headlines used in Jakarta Post based on
Grace‘s theory of implicatures. He focuses in cooperative principles as a basic
assumption in conversation or writing that each participant attempt. Shaifulloh
found that hedging maxims usually happens when the writers use certain words
and take information from other persons without considering the truth- value. This
study has relation to the previous researches on the same field.
Fuatilah (2004) focused on the implicature used in funny pictures in
Internet using descriptive qualitative approach. She sum up into two conclusions.
First, funny pictures are classified as generalized implicature when the implied
meaning of the utterance is straightforward. Readers will understand the utterance
with minimal effort without looking at the picture because the writer tries to be
cooperative and the goals are achieved only by understanding the utterance.
Rahmawati (2006) focused on the theory of implicature to investigate the
utterances use in Danielle Stell‘s Kaleidoscope. She found the theory about that.
First, the implicatures used in the titles of the implcatures of the opinions used in
the Novel Danielle Stell‘s calaidoscope could be categorized into generalized
implicatures and particularized implicatures. Second, she found that the
cooperative principle, in particular the maxim of quantity, quality, manner, and
relevant also being considered or abided by journalist in conveying the
information the opinion.
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Based on the explanation above, the researcher is interested in
investigating the utterance use in epigraph of Chicken Soup for the Soul with
implicature theory. The implicature here can be categorized into conventional and
conversational implicature. Moreover, the conversational implicature can be
divided into generalize and particularized implicature.
Beside that, in Al Baqoroh (26) which was translated by Marmaduke
Pickthall ―Lo! Allah disdaineth not to coin the similitude even of a gnat. Those
who believe know that it is the truth from their Lord; but those who disbelieve
say: What doth Allah wish (to teach) by such a similitude? He misleadeth many
thereby, and He guideth many thereby; and He misleadeth thereby only
miscreants;‖ From those explanations we can conclude that we need interpreting
and seeing through the deepness meaning of The Holy Qur‘an to express the
secret and to get the detail lesson which is hidden. This concept or idea can be
used in interpreting the utterance by using implicature theory.
In literature, an epigraph is a phrase, quotation, or poem that is set at the
beginning of a document or component. The epigraph may serve as a preface, as a
summary, as a counter-example, or to link the work to a wider literary canon,
either to invite comparison or to enlist a conventional context. Based on World
Book Dictionary (2005), Epigraph is a quotation placed at beginning of a book,
chapter, or the like, to indicate the leading idea or theme. Epigraph in Chicken
Soup was taken from people who are capable in their field.
This research focuses on analyzing Epigraph of Chicken Soup for the
Soul Teens Talk Relationships using the theory that related with implicature.
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Practically, a speaker or a writer can give information through their utterances or
writings in which the information can appear literally or not. It means that we
need to interpret more to get the intended message.
1. 2 Research Problems
In line with above description, the problems proposed here are:
1. What the types of implicature are found in Epigraph of Chicken Soup for the
Soul Teens Talk Relationships?
2. How are implicature used in Epigraph of Chicken Soup for the Soul Teens
Talk Relationships?
1. 3 Objectives of the Study
Based on the research questions of the study above the researcher has
some objectives as follows:
1. To identify the types of implicature are used in Epigraph of Chicken Soup
for the Soul Teens Talk Relationships.
2. To describe how implicature are used in Epigraph of Chicken Soup for the
Soul Teens Talk Relationships.
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1. 4 Scope and Limitation
In order to have a reasonable finding in this study, this study is focused on
analyzing implicature found in Epigraph of Chicken Soup. The researcher is
interested in the series for the Soul Teens Talk Relationships since in the epigraph
of the story in this edition are taken from the expert people whose talk about
teenager‘s problems, give the motivation and inspiration. Even though they are
not in the teenager‘s age any more, they tried to give suggestion by their language
and can be understood easily by the teenager. The researcher takes 13 epigraphs
as the data, because it could represent the whole epigraph in this book. The
problems are discussed only the implicatures used in Epigraph of Chicken Soup
for the Soul Teens Talk Relationships based on Grice‘s theory that divided
implicature into conventional and conversational implicature.
1. 5 Significance of the Study
Theoretically, the findings of this field are expected to be useful and give
contribution to the discourse study, particularly how to analyze simple written text
like epigraph in Chicken Soup for the Soul Teens Talk relationships using Grice‘s
theory of implicature. In addition, the result of this study will be the important
sources for the next researchers who will conduct in this field.
This research provides alternatives to understand the implied meaning,
intended meaning and catching the message of implicature used in Epigraph of
Chicken Soup for the Soul Teens Talk Relationships. In fact, when trying to
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understand the meaning of the implicature the readers should know the rule and
the context of the idea.
I. 6 Operational definitions of the key terms
Implicature is anything that is inferred from an utterance, but that is not
a condition for the truth of the utterance or the text.
Epigraph is quotation placed in the beginning of story to reflect and
give the introduction for the reader.
Chicken Soup is a story book which consists of some story or story
collection from some writers, about true experience, poem,
and song‘s lyric.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter the researcher explains more about some terms related to
contextual role in interpretation. Besides, some terms that related to the research
problem also explained in this chapter as the important part in this research. In the
first term, the researcher explains about discourse analysis as the big umbrella of
implicature theory. Then, explain deeply about implicature itself and some
theories that related. The detailed descriptions are as follows.
2.1 Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis has been introduced from the perception that the
problems in communication are not only the sentence use and the function of
utterance but also from the complex and inherence of structured message, such as
conversational exchange or written text. Brown and Yule (1983:1) state that
discourse analysis is committed to an investigation of what and how that language
is used for. It means that discourse analysis is concerned with the language used
for communication and how addresses work on the linguistic message in order to
interpret them. Stubss (1983:30) states that discourse analysis refers mainly to the
linguistics analysis of naturally occurring connected speech or written discourse.
It follows that discourse analysis is also concerned with language use in social
context, and in particular with interaction or dialogue between speakers.
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Discourse analysis using terms such as implicature, reference, inference,
and presupposition, because the discourse analyst is describing what speakers and
hearers are doing and not the relationship which exists between one sentence or
proposition and another, Yule and Brown (1983: 27). It means that implicature is
one term or part of discourse analysis that analyze about the meaning which
appear from the speaker to the hearer.
2.2 Implicature
Levinson (1992: 97) further states that the notion of implicature
(conversational implicature) is no of the single most important ideas in
pragmatics. It says that the implicature gives some contributions to the
pragmatics. Implicature is the hearer assumption about something utterance from
the speaker (reader from writer). In addition, Brown and Yule (1983: 31) say that
speakers or writers have implied meanings, suggestions and intended messages
which are different from what are written or stated literally. Further, Grice divided
implicature into conventional implicature and non conventional (conversational)
implicature. The detail descriptions will be given in the following sections.
2.2.1 Conventional Implicature
The conventional implicatures are associated with specific words and
results in additional conveyed meanings those word are used. Something is clearly
understood because the rules have been generally accepted (something arbitrary)
and more logically. The other idea, conventional implicature is independent of the
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cooperative principle and its maxims. A statement always carries its conventional
implicature. Yule (1996: 45) says that conventional implicatures do not rely very
much on the cooperative principles or the maxims applications.
Furthermore, Grundy (2000: 84) defines conventional implicature as non-
truth-conditional inferences that are not derived from super ordinate pragmatic
principles like the maxims, but are simply attached by convention to particular
lexical items or expression. In addition, conventional principles is not related to
conventional principles, but rather to individual words and sentence form.
2.2.2 Conversational implicature
Conversational implicature is any meaning implied by or understood from
the utterance or sentence, which goes beyond what is strictly said or entailed. The
meaning depends on how the reader or hearer interprets a certain utterance or
sentence, Yule (1996: 44) stated that implicature can be calculated by the listeners
via inference, in term of their defining properties which do not apply to
conventional implicatures. Moreover, conversational implicature is how readers
manage to work out the complete message when writers mean more than they say.
The utterance which has any implicit message, it can be produced because
of the other contexts. I can explain more with the examples:
(1) Morover, Religion Minister attents in my occation.
(2) Unfortunately, I have to go to England for study during two years.
The examples above, the first is implicature conventional that means the
Religion Minister, usually doesn‘t attent this occation, although the second
 | Attached: 06320021 Implicature Found in Epigraph of Chicken Soup for the Soul , lanjt.pdf |
